Posts Tagged robots

Exploring ‘Creation of the Humanoids’: A 1962 Sci-Fi Classic

1,523 words, 8 minutes read time.

It’s always a pleasant surprise to discover an unexpected vintage Science Fiction gem that’s free to watch online.

And a gem this most certainly is, providing me with one of the most thought-provoking eighty minutes or so I’ve spent looking at a screen in ages.

I found it through a short YouTube video on ‘Banned Science Fiction Movies of the 1960s’, link at the bottom of the article, although most of the films featured were only banned for a time in some of the outer reaches of the American Evangelical Bible belt. But other movies on the list also sound worth twenty minutes of your time.

Creation of the Humanoids sounded the most intriguing of all, and I was delighted to find the full movie available to watch on YouTube. A link to the best-quality version I could find is also provided at the bottom of the article.

Even by the standards of the time, this is clearly a low-budget film, which takes place in a small number of indoor locations that do little to hide the fact that they are sound stages, with screens and curtains used to conceal the film crew and other artefacts that need to remain invisible.

The sets are, however, strikingly colourful, inventive, and very sixties. I also loved the look of the pale-blue-skinned, bald-headed, metallic-eyed humanoid robots who, aside from their skin colour, put me in mind of Marshall Applethwaite (AKA ‘Do’), the leader of the UFO cult Heaven’s Gate, who committed suicide along with many of their members in 1997.

The same make-up artist who worked on the original, definitive, 1931 Universal version of Frankenstein was involved in creating the look of the titular Humanoids.

The eerie electronic soundtrack is also resonant of great Science Fiction films of the period, such as Forbidden Planet and The Day The Earth Stood Still.

There are no special effects and very little action, save for a couple of shootings and stabbings, with the story relayed almost totally through characterisation, dialogue and exposition. This, plus the limited settings, gives the film the feel of a stage play, and, indeed, it would work very well as such.

The dialogue is snappy, intelligent and, in the context of the story, believable, with a small number of cast members about whom you grow to know and care for almost immediately.

The premise of the plot is that, following a nuclear war at some unspecified point between unspecified powers, the human population of our planet was reduced by 92%. To survive and maintain civilisation, the survivors turned to the creation of increasingly sophisticated robots.

The first prototypes, the R1’s, which we see at the start of the movie, are clunky metallic efforts of the type that will be familiar to all who have delved into the world of cinematic SF between the 1940s and 1960s, as well as low-budget TV SF such as my beloved Doctor Who through the 1970s’80s.

But, as their development has progressed, with each new successive creation given an ‘R’ number, R1, R2, R3 and so on, up to the R90’s we have reached at the time the film is set, in the Twenty Third Century, with the R100 as the now within reach ultimate, thanks largely to the work of the scientist Doctor Raven (Dan Doolittle).

The Humanoids have developed to the point that they far surpass mere humans in intellectual and physical capability, and this allows what remains of the human race to live a life of leisure at a high standard of living, without the need to work, save for those directly involved in the design, development and manufacture of the Humanoids.

The hero of the story is Captain Kenneth Cragis, played by Don Magowan. The film features many actors whose names you won’t know, but whose faces you will, and this is true of both Magowan and Doolittle.

One after-effect of the nuclear war was increasing infertility amongst those of the human race who survived, with the birth rate having plunged to 1.4%, well below replacement level and, interestingly, about the same rate we have reached in our own most advanced, industrialised nations, those comprised primarily of European or Southeast Asian stock, today.

Cragis is a leading figure in an organisation called The Order of Flesh and Blood, which regards our low birthrate, coupled with the level of development the Humanoids as an existential threat to the human race. Members of the Order are pledged to resist this.

There are very few online reviews of this film, but I did find one that noted the Confederate-like uniforms of the Order, and the similarity of the nickname they use for the Humanoids, ‘Clickers’, to a certain ‘N’ word, concluding that it was essentially a fascistic ‘hate’ group.

In reality, different factions exist within the organisation of varying degrees of radicalism. Cragis is something of a moderate who believes that the Humanoids are necessary tools for our survival, but wishes to tighten controls on their further development to maintain the specificity of humanity.

He is, however, horrified to discover that his sister is cohabiting with a Humanoid. The used is ‘In Rapport’ with, which involves humans voluntarily subjecting themselves to a process by which their minds can be merged with a Humanoid of their choice, so that the Humanoid can service their desires without even needing to be asked. It seems that there is no physical component of ‘Rapport’, though the theme of sexual relations between man (and woman) and machine is certainly present in the movie.

The scene at Cragis’ sisters’ apartment put me in mind of the SF/Horror classic The Stepford Wives, though this film was made a decade before the novel upon which that later movie was written.

It was also in this scene that Cragis meets his own love interest. This plays an important role in the further development of the story.

The film could be seen as another example of the ‘Cold War paranoia’ flick of which The Invasion of The Body Snatchers is perhaps the most famous example.

But that would be a far too simplistic reading. To our modern eyes, it can better be understood as concerning itself with our fears at the increasing use, development and sophistication of Artificial Intelligence, and ultimately to the threat/possibility of Transhumanism, a complete merger between organic and non-organic life forms.

Another idea for consideration, particularly when considering the birthrate issue, is to see the movie as a metaphor for the fear, which is expressed by an increasing number in the West, that our failure to reproduce, globalist interconnectivity, increasing migration and our apparent dependence on foreign labour could lead to the complete disappearance of distinct national identities and cultures.

In addition, the film deals with some of the deep philosophical questions addressed in many of the novels of the great Philip K Dick. In particular, the question of what it means to be human.

For instance, if a being of artificial design looks like a human, feels like a human, thinks like a human, can love and hate like a human, the point we are about to reach as the movie draws to a close, in what sense are they distinguishable from humans, especially if they have now become unaware of their synthetic origins?

The film also addresses religious questions. The Humanoids are fast developing a quasi-religion of their own, referring to the master computer that’s ultimately responsible for their development as ‘Mother-Father’ and the charging station to which they must periodically repair if they are to remain functional as the ‘Temple’.

We humans of a religious persuasion are also invited to entertain the question of whether these ‘machines’, that meet all of the human requirements listed above, have a soul?

The possibility that, upon death, we can be replicated as humanoid beings who retain the same individual memories, interests and predilections we developed as fully organic beings also opens up the possibility of immortality. Should we, would we, then, as one of the advanced Humanoids suggests, welcome this development?

The film puts an interesting twist on Isaac Asimov’s famous Prime Directive, the idea that artificial intelligence should be programmed in such a way that it can never intentionally harm humans. Here, the idea has been rebranded as the ‘First Directive,’ and, though it is true, as the members of the Order suspect, that the Humanoids do plan to supplant us completely, they genuinely believe that this is in the best interest of humanity, merely the latest step in a long process of species-evolution, and thus not in conflict with their ‘do no harm’ directive.

In that sense, this is not a film of black and white, right or wrong and easy answers, but shades of grey and moral ambiguity. It’s a movie without villains, and all the better for it.

It might seem unnecessary to worry about spoilers as regards a film that’s over six decades old. But, it will be a more rewarding viewing if watched without knowing its resolution. There is also a nice twist in the very last shot.

I loved this film.

Anthony C Green, July 2025   

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Ghost in the Shell (2017)

Rating: PG-13 (for intense sequences of sci-fi violence, suggestive content and some disturbing images)
Directed By: Rupert Sanders
Written By: Jonathan Herman, Jamie Moss
Runtime: 106 minutes
Studio: Paramount Pictures

I decided I would review Ghost in the Shell starring Scarlett Johansson some months back but just didn’t know when I would do it. Please note this review will have some spoilers as it is also an analysis of the film. I was already familiar with it from the 1995 anime of the same name, which explores the same story. I vaguely recall it as I actually saw it around that time and haven’t yet re-watched it to refresh my memory.

Nonetheless, I am in touch with its themes not just from the films but from the subject of transhumanism which is ever more prominent as technology in real life progresses. Back in 1995 it didn’t seem absolutely certain the ambitions of the technologists, specifically artificial intelligence and robotics people, were going to come to fruition. This was because at the time, although they had achieved some impressive accomplishments in those fields, they had not yet done anything like what we see today.

Judging by what we see today, it looks strongly as though most if not all of the technology in Ghost in the Shell will become a reality. Only world war or catastrophe, natural or man made, would prevent these advanced technologies illustrated in the film from coming to be. They are mostly a combination of artificial intelligence, often referred to simply as AI, robotics, and transhumanism.

Allow me to give a brief description of each. Artificial intelligence is what is used in things like Chess programs. They enable you to play against a computer opponent if you don’t have a human opponent. An AI chess program can beat the best human Chess players in the world now. Another AI program can beat the best Jeopardy players. Jeopardy is a television game show. The name of the AI program that can play it better than a human is called Watson. He or it, scans Wikipedia pages as part of his program so he can, as I understand it, answer general knowledge questions. One could say he reads wikipedia, in a way, although very quickly.

Going even further, AI programs can produce music in the style of notable musicians as well as just produce general music. They are also used in stock trading done by major banks. In fact, the biggest banks use AI and according to my knowledge it is superior to traditional methods now. AI programs have not been able to produce works of fiction that can rival ones written by human authors, but it’s only a matter of time before they are able to.

In the future, it could be the case that an AI program could write endless novels in the style of your favorite author with great accuracy. In the more distant future, perhaps a book could be written just for you, exactly the way you are predicted to like it. On the one hand this sounds good but on the other it doesn’t sound so good. This raises the problem of what we will do when machines, robots, and computers can do everything better than we can.

The phenomenon of human labor being replaced by machines is called ‘technological unemployment.’ One proposed solution to this problem is to augment human beings with machine technology. This action is called ‘transhumanism,’ which I mentioned above. Ghost in the Shell 2017 is rife with transhumanism. Rife has a bit of a negative connotation because it’s usually used to describe something unpleasant. And some of what happens in Ghost in the Shell is unpleasant in my view. Take for example a young girl learning to speak fluent French in under 10 seconds.

Normally a person has to study a language for 4 years to reach fluency. This process takes tremendous effort, will power, concentration, time, dedication, intelligence, problem solving, practice, study, and patience. All of these things are beneficial to a human being. They strengthen character, provide something for one to do with one’s time, encourage discipline, and in the end reward all of the hard work with the acquisition of the language.

Without putting your sweat in, nothing is really worth anything, some people believe. And so if all you have to do is hook your brain up to a computer for 10 seconds to bypass all of the journey, isn’t it cheating? What’s the point of that? You’d be going straight to having the language at your disposal. The use of it would be you could speak to people in their own tongue when you couldn’t before. You could enjoy a holiday more freely, when it comes to the social aspect of it. But it’s in the process of learning a language the hard way that you figure out how you can express yourself the way you want to.

If you have a language downloaded into your head, you are not going to learn exactly the way you wish to express yourself in it, which is learnt during the normal slow process of acquisition. What is more, if everyone knows you downloaded it, no one will be impressed. One of the nice things about learning a language is when people compliment you on your hard work. So you can see much of what is good about doing it the hard way is destroyed by doing it the transhuman way.

So the idea with transhumanism is to make us as competent as machines so we can have jobs. But that makes no philosophical sense because in the eyes of many, the objective is to not have jobs, but to have only hobbies instead. Pleasurable activities, basically. And yet many hobbies become jobs for a lot of people. Take musicians for example. Many of them say they want to make music anyway. Elly Jackson of the band La Roux says she only did music commercially because she didn’t ‘want to be broke while doing it.’

I suspect if technology completely took over all tasks, people would want to experience things in simulated realities, much like they do now in video games. In video games people play the roles of soldiers, gangsters, skateboarders, race car drivers, fighters, etc. I think if people could not experience being these things in real life, they would opt to experience them virtually. This is where virtual worlds would flourish. People would not have to risk their lives doing these things for real but all of the blood sweat and tears element could be engineered into the worlds so the players could have the sense of accomplishment they seek.

Now I’ve addressed AI, and transhumanism, I’ll address robotics. We already have robots that can perform surgery and make cars, among other things. Much of the robotics in Ghost in the Shell is, I’ll be frank, sex robots. In the film they’re called ‘geisha bots.’ They’re for men obviously. It’s an embarrassing subject for most. But with the franchise being from Japan, it’s to be expected, and it’s relevant. We don’t yet have effective robot cleaners and that is because we have yet to create robots that can perform all human movements. Many of the first humanoid robots would walk a few steps and simply fall over. For some reason human movement is a difficult feat.

So let’s move on to the film in some detail. It has visually appealing cinematography. Many of the shots feature futuristic backdrops, costumes, cars, weaponry, and equipment. There are a few gratuitous shots of Scarlett Johansson, it should be said. The excuse given implicitly is her body suit is skin colored because this enables her to become invisible, for tactical purposes. Nonetheless, we get to see her as though she is naked. Howard Stern in his interview with her brings that issue up with her. He told her she is basically naked in it. She said yeah in the sense that it’s a rubber skin colored body suit. She sort of agreed with him but still pointed out she wasn’t actually naked. It was just a rubber skin colored body suit which made her appear naked.

But this is Hollywood. It’s to be expected. Gratuitous means lacking good reason. That the body suit allows her to become invisible is not good reason. We know the real reason. So anyway, her character is a human brain transplanted into a cyborg body. It is the first of its kind. The reason the film is called Ghost in the Shell is because it is said a human brain contains a ghost or a soul. All other cyborgs or robots, no matter how advanced, do not have a ghost or a soul.

It’s unclear whether society has established some sort of spiritual understanding of human beings. Sometimes it seems like they mean there is a ghost or a soul, but it is generated by the human brain, rather than separate from it in some way. Like they can’t generate one using machines but a human brain can generate one. It’s mentioned this ghost has capabilities machines do not have. The one that stands out the most is intuition. AI in the film does not have intuition. The idea is she can have all of the capabilities of her human soul meshed with the extreme capabilities of AI and robotics.

She is a transhuman supersoldier, and used for tactical military purposes. People get killed is what I’m saying. There is mention of terrorists. There is mention of people who disagree with technology, dislike it, perhaps hate it, and they go into what is described as a ‘lawless zone.’ Such things already exist but here in the UK they are very small. I’m told there is one housing estate where if you go into its parking area, it’s very dangerous, and if you call the police, they won’t come. Apparently if people see police from out their windows, they will drop televisions on them. I’m not joking. I saw a documentary about it. But that’s by-the-by.

I do wonder if there really could be a lawless zone in a world like the one presented in Ghost in the Shell. Perhaps there could be. It would allow for a demarcation between the technological world and the non-technological world. The people in the lawless zones could be subjects of study. They would no doubt be infiltrated by agent provocateurs as well.

As the story progresses, it turns out there is a conspiracy. Scarlett’s character, Mira Killian, is actually not the first of her kind. She’s in fact the first of her kind to actually be a medical success. By that I mean many were operated on before her, in failed attempts. One such failed attempt is the character Kuze played by Michael Pitt. He is claimed to be a terrorist by those above her but she finds out he was a prototype. He is much like she is only not as good. Flawed and in a great deal of pain. Full of hatred and seeks revenge. He managed to hack her system while she was doing something called a ‘deep dive.’

She has interactions with him and he enlightens her as to what has really gone on. She sympathises with him and wants to know her true origins. They have been hidden from her but stored on some sort of memory disk, while she has fake memories implanted by the robotics division of Hanka Corporation. I couldn’t help but think the film is a warning to us all. Almost pre-conditioning. It’s said in conspiracy circles that China does peculiar experiments to do with technology, ones often to do with stem stells and DNA editing. These are purely biological and do not involve robotics etc. But nonetheless, it’s disconcerting.

The film co-stars Pilau Asbaek who had a brief appearance in the first scene of Lucy, also starring Scarlett Johansson. He is so different in Ghost in the Shell, both in appearance and personality, I didn’t recognise him at all. Good actor, literally. Managed to trick me into not thinking I’d ever seen him before. Johansson sings his praises in one of her interviews. He plays Batou who is a key character in both the original anime film and in the anime television series, called Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex.

It would be a crime of me not to mention the film also co-stars Takeshi Kitano as Aramaki. This character is Mira Killian’s figurative angel, for without him, she’d have no back up in high places. Takeshi Kitano is a legend in Japan. He speaks Japanese in the film, with subtitles. As far as I know, his English is not that great. But even though he speaks in Japanese, you can hear how cool he must be if you understand Japanese. Juliette Binoche also has a pivotal role and she was once a very prominent actress. She does a superb job. She comes across as very manipulative when she is meant to but then has a change of heart when her conscience finally emerges as actually existent within her as a person, despite all she has done.

I certainly recommend Ghost in the Shell and multiple viewings are comfortable because it’s quite light dialogue wise with what is often visual artwork that can be seen again and again with much pleasure.

Reviewed by Alistair Martin

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